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Enhances immune system- vitamin c supports various immune system functions at the cellular level by promoting the production and function of white blood cells. White Blood Cells are critical to defending the body against infection.

Powerful antioxidant- combating oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. Free radicals, a by-product of normal cellular processes and environmental exposures, can damage cells & DNA if not neutralized.

Reduces oxidative stress- with its antioxidant properties, vitamin c reduces oxidative stress within cells, potentially lowering the risk of chronic disease associated with cellular damage such as cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and neurodegenerative conditions.

Pivotal in collagen formation- collagen is a protein essential for the structure of connective tissues, skin, bones and blood vessels.

Protects cellular structures- vitamin c shields cellular components such as proteins, lipids, & DNA from oxidative damage, helping maintain their structural integrity and function by neutralizing free radicals.

Antioxidant defense– Glutathione functions primarily as an antioxidant, combating oxidative stress by neutralizing harmful molecules called free radicals. These free radicals generated during metabolism or due to external factors like pollution or stress, can damage cells. Glutathione scavenges these free radicals, protecting cellular structures like DNA, protein and lipids from oxidative damage.

Detoxification– Glutathione is involved in the detoxification process by binding to toxins, heavy metals and other harmful compounds within the body, making them water soluble and facilitating their excretion through urine or bile. This detoxifying role is crucial for liver function and overall cellular health.

Supporting immune function– Glutathione plays a role in regulating the immune response. It is essential for the proper functioning of immune cells, aiding in their proliferation and activity. Higher levels of glutathione often correlate with a more robust immune system.

Regeneration of other antioxidants– Glutathione also helps in regenerating other antioxidants like vitamin C and E. It can restore these antioxidants to their active forms after they are neutralized by free radicals, enhancing the overall antioxidant defense system in cells.

Protien function and DNA synthesis– Glutathioneis involved in various cellular processes, including the synthesis and repair of DNA, protein synthesis, and the maintenance of cellular proteins in their functioning state. It helps ensure the proper functioning of enzymes and proteins critical for cellular health.

Glutathione’s role in skin:

Antioxidant protection– as an antioxidant, glutathione helps protect skin cells from oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Oxidative stress can contribute to premature aging. Glutathione's ability to neutralize free radicals may help maintain the integrity of skin cells.

Collagen synthesis– Glutathione is involved in the synthesis of collagen, a protein that provides structural support to the skin, the elasticity of the skin, and prevention of sagging. By supporting collagen production, glutathione can contribute to the overall health and appearance of the skin.

NAD and NAD+ occur naturally in your body.

They play a major role in the chemical process of generating energy. NAD+ is probably the most important co-factor for improving mitochondrial function.

Mitochondria are intracellular organelles (a.k.a. “energy powerhouses”) where macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats from food) are converted to energy-rich ATP molecules for the cell. NAD helps the liver break down fats that are essential to provide energy for the body. It also helps create ATP, which is a major source of energy for cells.

Boosting NAD+ may help manage a wide spectrum of diseases. When NAD+ is given by IV (intravenous), some research has shown it can improve mental clarity, alertness, concentration, and memory. Moreover, NAD+ infusions may improve athletic endurance and reverse the symptoms of chronic fatigue.

(Information provided by Olympia Pharmacy)

A group of B-vitamins typically including Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5) and Pyridoxine (B6). At the cellular level, B-complex vitamins work as coenzymes, meaning they assist enzymes in performing various chemical reactions within the cells.

Thiamine (B1) helps enzymes break down sugar.

Riboflavin (B2) is essential for energy production and supports antioxidant processes.

Niacin (B3) is involved in over 400 enzymatic reactions including energy production and DNA repair.

Pyridoxine (B6) is crucial in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. (Deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to various health issues, such as fatigue, weakness, anemia, nerve damage, skin disorders and cognitive problems.)

Energy production- B vitamins are essential for converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. They act as coenzymes in metabolic pathways facilitating the breakdown of these macronutrients into viable energy (ATP) within cells.

Cellular metabolism- B vitamins play a vital role in cellular metabolism supporting biochemical reactions necessary for growth, development and repair. B Vitamins assist in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and amino acids contributing to cell division and proper growth.

Nervous system support- crucial for the health of the nervous system. Some B vitamins are involved in the production of the neurotransmitters and the maintenance of the myelin sheath, which insulates nerves and facilitates their proper function.

Vitamin B12, aka Cobalamin, plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, particularly in DNA synthesis, red blood cell (RBC) formation and neurological function) (B12 works at the cellular level primarily as a cofactor for enzymes involved in crucial metabolic pathways. Its deficiency can lead to various health issues, including anemia, neurological problems, fatigue, and impaired cellular functions due to disrupted enzymatic process.).

Enzyme CoFactor– B12 serves as a cofactor for two enzymes: methionine synthase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase. These enzymes play key roles in specific metabolic pathways, more specifically, protein synthesis and amino acids and fat breakdown for energy production.

DNA synthesis and cell division– B12, through its role in the methionine synthase pathway, is indirectly involved in DNA synthesis and cell division. Methionine, produced with the help of B12, is necessary for the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a molecule involved in DNA synthesis repair and regulation of gene expression.

Nervous system function– B12 is crucial for the maintenance of the nervous system. It supports the formation of myelin, the protective sheath around nerves, which is vital for efficient nerve signal transmissions. B12 deficiency can lead to neurological problems and nerve damage.

Energy production– the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA facilitated by B12 is a part of the energy production process in cells. This pathway is involved in generating energy from certain amino acids and fats.

Red Blood Cell formation– B12 is involved in the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Antiviral properties- Zinc possesses antiviral properties that can interfere with the replication of certain viruses. It may inhibit viral attachment and entry into host cells, limiting the spread and replication of the virus.

Immune function: Zinc is crucial for a well-functioning immune system. It supports the development and function of various immune cells including T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells, which play a pivotal role in combating viral infections.

Reducing severity and duration– Some studies suggest that zinc supplements, especially when taken at the onset of symptoms, may reduce the severity and duration of certain viral infections, like the common cold.

Inhibiting RNA viruses– Zinc ions interfere with the replication of RNA viruses by inhibiting the activity of enzymes necessary for their replication. This has been studied in the context of viruses like rhinoviruses (the cause of the common cold) and other RNA-based viruses.

Vitamin D, particularly in its active form calcitriol, acts as a crucial hormone-like compound, influencing gene expression and regulating various physiological processes essential for overall health and proper cellular function. Check out our research page for an informational podcast with Dr. Holick and “the professional journey that led him to identify the major circulating form and active form of vitamin D, the need for vitamin D from birth until death, effects of vitamin D on the immune system, and the overall “magic” of vitamin D! “

How does our body use vitamin D?

Synthesis– Vitamin D is either synthesized in the skin through exposure to sunlight or obtained through dietary or supplementation sources. The liver then converts it into calcidiol.

Activation– calcidiol travels to the kidneys where it undergoes further conversions into its active form, calcitriol, by an enzyme called 1-alpha hydroxylase.

Receptor binding– Calcitriol binds to Vitamin D Receptors (VDR’s) present in the nuclei of target cells. These receptors act as transcription factors, meaning they influence the expression of genes related to various processes.

Regulation of gene expression– once bound to the VDR’s, calcitriol regulates the expression of genes involved in calcium & phosphorus absorption in the intestines, bone health, immune function, and cell growth.

Calcium and phosphorus regulation– Vitamin D’s primary role is in maintaining adequate levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. It enhances the absorption of these minerals from the intestines, ensuring their availability for bone health, nerve function, muscle contraction, and other cellular processes.

Immune function– Vitamin D also plays a role in modulating the immune system. It can influence the function of immune cells, helping to regulate inflammation and supporting the body's defense mechanisms against infection.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential compound found in the mitochondria of cells, playing a crucial role in the production of Adenosine triphosphate, ATP, which is the primary energy source for cellular processes.

Energy Production–CoQ10 is a coenzyme involved in the electron transport chain, a series of biochemical reactions within the mitochondria. During this process, CoQ10 accepts and transfers electrons, ultimately contributing to the generation of ATP, which fuels various cellular functions.

Antioxidant properties– CoQ10 also acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress within the cells. This property helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals, which can lead to cellular dysfunction and aging.

Cellular Health– CoQ10 plays a role in maintaining the health of cells by supporting their energy production and protecting them from oxidative damage. Its particularly important in organs and tissues with high energy demands such as the heart, liver, and kidneys. →

Supporting mitochondrial function– Mitochondria are often referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell. CoQ10 helps support their function by facilitating the production of ATP which is critical for cellular energy.

CoQ10’s Role in Fertility:

CoQ10 has been studied for its potential role in fertility in both male and female reproductive health.

Male Fertility– CoQ10 may have a positive impact on sperm health. Its believed to help enhance sperm motility (movement), sperm count, and overall sperm quality. Sperm creation to maturity is a 3 month process. Consistency is key with CoQ10 and sperm health.

Female Fertility– CoQ10 also plays a role in female fertility. As women age, the quantity and quality of their oocytes (eggs) can decline, affecting fertility. CoQ10’s antioxidant properties help protect egg cells from oxidative damage, potentially preserving their quality. Some studies indicate that CoQ10 supplementation may improve ovarian reserve and egg quality, particularly in women undergoing fertility treatments such as IVF.

Enzyme activation– magnesium acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body. Its involved in processes like energy production (ATP synthesis), DNA and RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis.

Muscle function– magnesium is essential for muscle contraction and relaxation. It regulates the balance of calcium, another important mineral for muscle contraction, by acting as a calcium channel blocker.

Nervous system– magnesium helps regulate neurotransmitters and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. It also plays a role in maintaining the electrical potential across cell membranes, which is crucial for nerve signal conduction.

Bone health– around 60% of the body's magnesium is found in bones, contributing to their structure and strength. It aids in bone formation and helps regulate calcium levels within bones.

Heart health– magnesium helps maintain a steady heart beat by influencing the transport of other electrolytes like potassium and calcium across cell membranes. It can also have a vasodilating effect helping to relax blood vessels.

Energy production– magnesium participates in the breakdown of glucose into energy (ATP) by activating enzymes involved in this process.

DNA & RNA synthesis– magnesium is required for the stability of DNA & RNA structures and aids in their synthesis.